Gateway Science Center BIOLOGY
Biology Topics to be covered:Topic II. Biology as a Science II. The Stage is set for the Evolution of Life on Earth A. 4.6 billion years ago A Star is Born (A Brief Summary)Nebula to Sun to Solar System formation (with a focus on Earth) B. Defining Life C. Basic Chemistry of Life D. Chemical Compounds of Life III. Genetics Part IA. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Molecule and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) MoleculeB. DNA ReplicationC. Transcription of Genetic Material from DNA to mRNAD. Translation of Genetic code from mRNA to a Protein Chain (a.k.a. Protein Synthesis) IV. The Evolution of CellsA. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes B. Cell Structures -Prokaryotes (Bacteria), Eukaryotes (Plant and Animal)C. Locomotion in CellsD. Cell TransportE. Cellular Respiration The Importance of Photosynthesis (Plant Nutrition) and Chemosynthesis and ATP a. Anaerobic Respiration b. Aerobic RespirationTopic III. Anatomy - (Main Focus on Human) but will cover Representative Organisms (Amoeba, Paramecium, Hydra, Grasshopper, Earthworm) a. Nutritional System- Human Digestive System (Mouth (Oral cavity), Pharynx, Esophagus, The Stomach, Small Intestines, Accessory Organs (Pancreas, Gall Bladder), Large Intestines and (Representative Organisms) b1. Transport System - The Heart, Blood Vessels, The Heart Cycle and Blood Pressure, Blood Pathways (Pulmonary, Systemic and Coronary), Lymphatic Circulation, and (Representative Organisms)
b2. Blood and Immunity, Types of immunity, Blood Groups and Rh factor. Disorders of the Immune System c. Respiratory System - Respiratory Structures, Gas exchange, Diseases of the Respiratory System and (Representative Organisms) d. Excretory System - Role of: Liver, Kidneys, Lungs, and Skin, and (Representative Organisms) e. Support and Locomotion - Human Musculoskeletal System (Tissue - Bone , Skeletal (Striated), Smooth, and Cardiac), and (Representative Organisms) f. Regulation part One - Nervous System (Nerve tissue, Nerve Impulses, Drug Effects on Nervous System) and (Representative Organisms) g. Human Nervous System (Regulation part Two - (Central and Peripheral systems, Reflexes, Receptors,) h. Regulation part Three - Chemical regulation (Endocrine System) - Topic IIII. Plants - a. Nutrition - (Photosynthesis and the formation of Sugars. Various Plant Alternatives, and the importance of this process to Global Warming Concerns) b. Structure - (Stem, Leaf function and sign) c. Transport - (Transport of materials in specific plants and its effect on local water budgets.) Topic IVI. Reproduction - a. Mitosis - (Asexual Reproduction, Plant and Animal cell reproduction Parthenogenesis and Jurassic Park) and (Representative Organisms) b. Meiosis - (Sexual Reproduction, formation of Sex cells in Humans and in Plants) c. Human Reproduction - (Female Reproductive System, the Importance of the Menstrual Cycle, Male Reproductive System) d. Development - (Human Development, Animal Development, Plant Reproduction and Development)Topic VI. Genetics Part II - a. Mendelian Genetics - (heredity, Mendel's experiments, the Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, Gene-Chromosome theory, Genetic Fundamentals (Alleles, Genotypes and Phenotypes, Probability Genetics, Punnett Square Study of Test Crosses, Independent Assortment, Ratios in a Dihybrid Cross, Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, and Multiple Alleles) b. Modern Genetics - Discovery of Genetic Material, Chromosomal Inheritance, Sex Determination, Sex Linked Traits in Humans, Crossing-Over, Gene Expression, Oncogenes and Cancer. c. Applied Genetics - Mutations, variation Sources, Kinds of Mutations, Causes of Mutations, Chromosomal Mutations, Gene Mutations, Jumping Genes, Human Genetic Disorders, Human Heredity, Genetic Engineering, Human Genome, Ethics of Human Genetics.Topic VIEvolution- a. Evidence of Evolution - Fossil Records, Comparative Anatomy, relative and absolute dating, Interpreting the Fossil record, Evolutionary patterns, Early Hypothesis of the Early origins of Life on Earth, Modern Hypothesis, History of Life on Earth. b. Modern Theory of Evolution - Lamarck's theory, Darwin's Theory and Observations, Darwin's Application, Genetic Theory, Population Genetics, Genetic Source Variations, Hardy-Weinberg Law, Natural Selection and Adaptations, Insect and Bacterial ResistanceTopic VIIDiversity of Life - Bacteria, Protista and Viruses (not- living but included), Fungi and Plants, Invertebrates Sponges - Mollusks -Arthropods and Echinoderms, Vertebrates - Fish-Amphibians-reptiles-Birds -Mammals, BehaviorTopic VIIIEcology - Organization of the Biosphere, Biomes of Earth, Human Ecology, We will take a look at Living in Space.